Advanced Molecular & Cell Biology 2

Cellular Biology 2

Bacterial gene are clustered by function (it could regulated by a same prone)

THe invention of most cellular enzymatic mechanisms and biochemical pathways occured early in microbs and we are inherits it.

Do human continue to evolve?

1. mtDNA mutation making more heat than ATP. Common in Artuc peoples
2. Sickle-cell hemogolobin mutations conferring malarial resistance.
   3 CCR5 delta32 mutation impairing HIV binding to white blood cells. Found esp. In NE, Speculate that it protected against some other pathoge 700 years ago/
3. Pre-disposition of hunter-gathere populations t obesity and type-2 diabetes in wester diet.
4. Mutation in the Tibetan populations enabling high blood O2 EPAS2 variatn inherited form Denisovans.
5. Multople copies of salivary amylase in populations with high-starh diet

Q1: whay aren’t there alternative forms of life on Earth?

Nasa: search for L-isoleucine

Separated perticula questions from biology and lack of the big picture.

Z ion channel; Methane; virus; Phosphorite sugar, ribosome, Chromosome separation, Chaperones.

So, the question is What is ‘life’?

1. Metabolism pathway is very complicated.
   , The hard part about bilogy is its complexity:
   from isolated cell → clonal collaboration → consotia of multiple species → Tissues → Systems
   Even a single cell too complex to be understand.

2. Which genes are necessary for something to live?

   • it could help ua to understadn how a cell work,
   • how life evolved
   • build an artificial organism.

Number of Genes:
E. Coli: 4200
Stretomyctes: 9000
saccharomyces cerevisiae: 6200
human: 22000

What are the essential parts of a cell?

• Mycoplasma genitalium: 525 genes, an intracellular parasite.
  • Lack a cell wall.
  • in a stable environment, so a few adaptive strategies
  • Depends on hosts as a source of nutrients.
• What genes are universal?
  Hemophilus influenzae: 1815, 256 shared with M. geneitalium.
  Challenge:
  • different isozymes could perform the same critial processe: rebonucleoacid redundant: With/without oxygen
  • BActeria and eukarya make esterified lipids.
  • Humans oxidize NADH via a respiratry chain, yeast do it by making alcohol.
  • The specific mechanisms are non-universal- but they are essential to the organism.

Reasoning from first principles.

Transport
Energy: carry lots of thermodynamic unfavorite actions for life.

Which Genes cannot be knocked out without loss of viability

• insert transposon: gene knock out: sequencing the clone and get the non-essential genes

No mutation list:

• tRNA synthetases
• Ribosome
• Translation factors
• Protein secretion
• Chaperones
• DNA replication
• Transcription
• Cell division
• Nucleotide synthesis
• Cofactor synthesis
• Fatty acid synthesis
• Cell wall synthesis
• Some ventral metabolism

171 gene in E. Coli were not knocked out.

• biosynthetic genes and catabolic genes (medial is rich in lots of source)

435 genes are essential for microplasmid and it growth much slower than normal