Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review

Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review

cite: Sánchez-Muros, María-José, Fernando G. Barroso, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. “Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review.” Journal of Cleaner Production 65 (2014): 16-27.

Introduction

Shortcoming of the soy protein:

• imbalances between essential and nonessential amino acids
• anti-nutrition factors
• high proportion fiber
• non-starch polysaccharides
• low palatability

Nutrition Values

• protein
  Some of insect spices are higher methionine or leucine but not lysine than fish

• Fatty Acid

• Chitin

  • increasing the activity of the immune system^[1] and macrophage^[2]
  • increasing the growth rate and assimilation efficiency^[3]
  • increasing the growth performance through enhancement in bi-dobacterium^[4].

Species feeding diets containing insects

• Poultry

  • data show that replacing the fish meal with insect is applicable and sensible.
  • the palatability is reduced may due to the crude fibre in the exo-skeleton

• Pigs^[5]

  • digestibility was decreased
  • unfavorable

• Fish

Fish	Insect	Increase	Decrease	Notes
Clarias gariepinus	Zonocerus variegatus	25%: - growth rate - nutrition utilisation - final mean body weight - FCR, SGR, PER	Up to 50%: - negtive in growth performance - reduced digestibility of proteins and lipids	[6]
African catfish (C. gariepinus)	20%: growth and nutritive index	similar to above		[7]
catla-rohu hybrids (Catlacatla x Labeo rohita)	silkworm pupae	similar to above		[8]
Cyprinus carpio	silkworm pupae	similar to above		[8:1]
channel catfish and tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)	H. illucens (L.)			No differences in the body weight and total length[9]
rainbow trout (O. mykiss)	H. illucens pre-pupae			no effect on 25% of fishmeal and 38% of fish oil[10]
rainbow trout (O. mykiss)	H. illucens		Normal H. illucens deit: growth	enriched switch: no significant differences[11]

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1. Esteban, M.A., Cuesta, A.J., Ortuna, J., Mesegue, J., 2001. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 11, 303e315. ↩︎

2. Sakai, M., Kamiya, R., Ishii, S., Atsuta, S., Kobayashi, M., 1992. The immunostimulating effects of chitin in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In: Shariff, M., Subasinghe, R.P., Arthur, J.P. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 413e417. ↩︎

3. Kono, M., Matsui, T., Shimizu, C., 1987. Effect of chitin, chitosan, and cellulose as diet supplements on the growth of cultured fish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 53, 125-12953. ↩︎

4. Spreen, K.A., Zikakis, J.A., Austin, P.R., 1984. The effect of chitinous materials on the intestinal microflora and the utilization of whey in monogastric animals. In: Zikakis, J.P. (Ed.), Chitin, Chitosan and Related Enzymes. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, USA, pp. 57e75 ↩︎

5. Newton, G.L., Booram, C.V., Barker, R.W., Hale, O.M., 1977. Dried Hermetia illucens larvae meal as a supplement for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 44, 395e400. ↩︎

6. Alegbeleye, W.O., Obasa, S.O., Olude, O.O., Otubu, K., Jimoh, W., 2012. Preliminary evaluation of the nutritive value of the variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus L.) for African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell. 1822) fingerlings. Aquacult. Res. 43, 412e420. ↩︎

7. Ng, W.K., Liew, F.L., Ang, L.P., Wong, K.W., 2001. Potential of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative protein source in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquacult. Res. 32, 273e280 ↩︎

8. Nandeesha, M.C., Srikanth, G.K., Varghese, T.J., Keshavanath, P., Shetty, H.P.C., 1988. Influence of silkworm pupa based diets on growth, organoleptic quality and biochemical composition of catlaerohu hybrid. In: Huisman, E.A., Zonneveld, N., Bouwmans, A.H.M. (Eds.), Aquaculture Research in Asia: Management Techniques and Nutrition. Proceedings of the Asian Seminar on Aquaculture. International Foundation for Science, Malang, Indonesia, pp. 211e221. ↩︎ ↩︎

9. Bondari, K., Sheppard, D.C., 1981. Soldier fly larvae as feed in commercial fish production. Aquaculture 24, 103e109. ↩︎

10. St-Hilaire, S., Sheppard, C., Tomberlin, J.K., Irving, S., Newton, L., McGuire, M.A., Mosley, E.E., Hardy, R.W., Sealey, W., 2007. Fly prepupae as a feedstuff for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 38, 59e67. ↩︎

11. Sealey, W.M., Gaylord, T.G., Barrows, F.T., Tomberlin, J.K., McGuire, M.A., Ross, C., StHilaire, S., 2011. Sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fedenriched black soldier fly prepupae, Hermetia illucens. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 42, 34e45 ↩︎