A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among different species or entities, based on their physical or genetic characteristics. It illustrates how species have diverged from common ancestors over time. These trees are constructed using morphological or genetic data and are used in biology, epidemiology, and conservation to understand the evolutionary history and relationships of organisms.

The flu NA (neuraminidase) protein is crucial because it plays a key role in the influenza virus's ability to infect host cells and spread within the body. It helps the virus to release newly formed viral particles from infected cells, facilitating the spread of the infection. As such, it's a key target for antiviral drugs and vaccine development, helping in controlling and preventing flu outbreaks.

This post provides a detailed exploration of the CR9114 antibody, focusing on its binding properties and effectiveness against various influenza A virus strains. It covers the specific gene segments from which CR9114 is derived, explaining its broad reactivity to both group 1 and group 2 influenza A viruses. The article highlights the significance of the HA stem region in the virus and how CR9114's binding to this region blocks the necessary conformational changes for viral entry into host cells. Additionally, it compares CR9114 to other antibodies like CR6261 and FI6v3, discussing their different binding modes and effectiveness. The content is technical and geared towards readers with a background in biology and immunology.

In the evolving realm of biotechnology, antibodies and phage display stand as two pillars of immense significance. This article delves into the structural intricacies of antibodies, emphasizing their heavy and light chains, along with the pivotal Complementarity-Determining Regions (CDRs). Furthermore, the article illuminates the concept of phage display, a groundbreaking technique that bridges genotypic information with phenotypic expression, offering a high-throughput approach to study protein interactions. Illustrated with detailed visuals, the piece offers readers an in-depth understanding of these subjects, underscoring their paramount importance in modern medicine and research.

Behavioral research is a vast field that offers insights into the complexities of behavior and provides a foundation for making predictions and interventions in various sectors of life and society.

The Wnt signaling pathway is a pathway that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell fate determination during embryonic development and in adult tissues. Dysregulation of this pathway is implicated in various diseases, including cancer. It is studied to understand the mechanisms of cell signaling and to develop targeted therapies. Who said this?

Cells are continuously faced with endogenous stress (for example, during replication) and exogenous stress (for example, during exposure to ultraviolet radiation) that can ultimately lead to DNA damage. To preserve genomic integrity, cells have an arsenal of repair proteins that engage the appropriate repair pathway or, if damage is irreparable, induce cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. This article series explores the pathways that detect and repair different types of DNA damage, highlighting new regulation mechanisms of the DNA damage response and the implications of disrupted DNA repair for disease. (© Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol; 13 February 2023)

Wet Lab Techs with Brief Explained

Regulatory RNA refers to non-coding RNA molecules that play a role in regulating gene expression. These molecules can control gene expression by interacting with DNA and/or mRNA, influencing the process of transcription and translation. Examples of regulatory RNA include microRNAs, siRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs. Who sad this?

Riboviruses are a type of RNA virus that infect bacteria. They have a unique replication strategy, using the host bacteria's own machinery to replicate their RNA genome. Riboviruses are thought to have potential as therapeutic agents, as they can specifically target harmful bacteria while leaving beneficial bacteria unharmed. Some studies have even explored using riboviruses as a new way to treat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Who sad this?

Cellulars membrane; difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; all parts of functions.

RNA-Seq annotation, GO, KEGG

Cancer and Metabolism, Edx classes, HarvardX

Fatty Acid Metabolism, Edx classes, HarvardX

Carbohydrate metabolism, Edx classes, HarvardX